PAPER Topics

... Reports actual examples........... START OF FILE -------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- INVENTIONS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY The art of inventing has been around since remedies have been needed and solutions have been required to make our lives easier and more enjoyable. From the time our forefathers colonized the shores of a new land, up till the time of the modern day super-conductor: people have created devices and made discoveries on our behalf to make life easier for everyone. Before the early nineteenth century communications were inadequate. The limitations of our hearing meant that di ...

... a rubberlike sap from the Malaysian sapdilla tree. The material was heated to soften it and then hand-formed into a solid, one piece ball.Gutta percha was black, so the early balls were painted white. Easier to make, less expensive, and more durable, the gutta revolutionized golf. When golfers discovered that balls and nicks flew longer and straighter then new ones, manufactures began to give them a textured, even pattern surface. The most popular early pattern was the bramble, which featured raised round bumps in concentric circles. the first wound rubber ball was introduced in 1898. the three-piece Haskell was the first ball to mix distance and control. Cleveland entrepreneur Coburn ...

... hydrogen ions, or protons: H+. Protons can be released from hydrated ions, for example H3O+, but more commonly they are released from ionisable hydroxyl groups (R-OH) where the O-H bond is broken to produce R-O- and H+. When the reactant receives protons from an acid it undergoes a conformational change, (change in shape and configuration), and becomes a reactive intermediate. The intermediate can then either become an isomer by returning a proton to the catalyst, or it may undergo a further reaction and form a completely new molecule. Up until the mid - 1960's silica-alumina gels were used to catalyse the cracking of hydrocarbons. This form of cracking is where the large molecules in oil ...

... brightness of the primary star and another star that revolves every 104 days. This star is also known as Menkalina. The star name derives from the Arabic name Al Mankib dhi'l Inan, "The Shoulder of the One Who Holds the Reins," that is, "The Shoulder of the Charioteer." Several open clusters are found in Auriga. Each contains about 100 stars and is about 2,700 light years away. The main part of Auriga is a five-sided figure of first, second, third magnitude stars. The Charioteer has two strange variable stars. Epsilon is usually a third magnitude star, then once every twenty-seven years it undergoes an eclipse, dimming by almost a magnitude for nearly two years. The next schedu ...

... placed along a timeline. The time periods show slight differences in bone structure showing what is hypothesized to be the human evolving. Evolving from what though? The theory of evolution states that creatures change overtime to suit their surroundings. This is called environmental adaptation. The more a creature can adapt to it's environment the greater chance it has of living and show an increase in population called survival of the fittest. A theory developed by a scientist named Charles Darwin who had conducted extensive research into the environmental adaptions of animals, for example the adaptation of the galapagos turtles from short neck to long neck so they could reach their foo ...

... like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1976 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish were being found. As scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one pile, further up the river. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. where they found many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to labs across Norway. When the live specimens were examined they were found to have very little sodium in their blo ...

... trade deficit. The future looks even better. Advanced-design nuclear power plants are now being developed—quicker and less costly to build, better performing, and even safer than today's plants. These plants will supply our children's and grandchildren's electricity—while helping to protect their environment. Cheers For Energy Efficiency We Americans should be proud of ourselves. Since the 1973 oil embargo, we've learned to use energy far more efficiently. Since 1973, our population has soared from 211 million to more than 258 million, and our economy has grown about 50 percent. Yet our use of energy has grown only 10 percent. That's a major accomplishment. What ...

... in Europe isolated people with epilepsy and forced them to live in colonies away from society. Until as late as the 1950¡¦s, people rarely talked about their epilepsy and therefore hid the disorder from the public. While there are some recognized causes to epilepsy the vast majority of cases have no known cause. In cases where the cause is known it is called Symptomatic Epilepsy. Fewer than thirty-five percent of cases have known causes. The most common out of these are „h trauma or a high fever at birth „h excessively rough handling or shaking of infants „h certain drugs or toxins administered in large doses „h Diseases or conditions that alter or disturb the balance of blood or its ...

... the largest biological structures on the planet, with the largest being the Great Barrier Reef covering over 2000 kilometers along the East Coast of Australia. The reef is said to be 500,000 to 2,500,000 years old and is said to be visible from the moon. There is only one problem with this beautiful structure and that is the carelessness of man. Silt from deforested lands and pollution from crowded coastlines choke them, and overuse by coal miners, fisheries, and even tourists deplete and destroy coral reefs. There are many more factors that add to the destruction of the coral reefs, which if not stopped it will destroy all coral reefs. Corals are animals, not plants; sunlight is the key ...

... they have located on Mars Hill. There are a total of nine telescopes, eight which are at the observatory, of these many of them are historic, such as the 24" Clark Refractor that is 102 years old. The Pluto telescope dome and John Vickers McAllister telescope dome, which is 16" long, are also telescopes you would find at Lowell Observatory. The most modern telescope they have there is the Anderson Mesa Telescope. Their ninth telescope is located in Western Australia. Many of these nine telescopes are equipped with state of the art electronic cameras, auxiliary instrumentation and spectrographs. Recently they have gotten the privilege to have the access to the Navy Optical ...