PAPER Topics

... for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. What does that mean? Basically a laser is a device which produces and then amplifies light waves and concentrates them into an intense penetrating beam. The principles of the laser (and it's cousin the maser) were established long before these devices were successfully developed. In 1916 Albert Einstein proposed stimulated emission, and other fundamental ideas were discussed by V.A. Fabrikant in 1940. These ideas, followed by decades of intensive development of microwave technology set the stage for the first maser (a laser made up of micro-waves), and this in turn helped to produce more advances in this area of science. ...

... around a dense core in the middle. As time went on the accumulation elements with similar physical properties into hot bodies caused a slow formation of a crystalline barrier around the denser core. Hot bodies consisting of iron were attracted to the core with greater force because they were more dense. These hot bodies sunk into and became part of the constantly growing core. Less dense elements were pushed towards the surface and began to form the crust. The early crust or crystalline barrier consisted of ultra basic, basic, calc-alkaline, and granite. The early crust was very thin because the core was extremely hot. It is estimated that the mantel e 200 to 300 degrees Celsius warmer than ...

... until recently, smokers have only been observed by videotape and "deep-diving submersibles". Last summer a team from the University of Washington and the American Museum of Natural History accomplished the task of bringing four "" to the surface. The method that the team used for retrieval was quite interesting. The team followed a "loggers technique" for detaching the smoker from the Earth’s crust. They used a "choker", like the cables loggers use to drag downed trees to waiting trucks. Another "logger technique" that the team used was a chainsaw. But this one was different it was hydraulically driven and covered with a diamond-coated blade. Even thought the stacks are hard, they a ...

... to diagnose continues to exceed its ability to treat or cure. For example, Huntington's Chorea is an inherited disease that develops between the ages of 30 and 45, can be diagnosed before any symptoms appear. This can be hard for both the individuals with the disease and their family. There is a 3 billion dollar project underway right now called the Human Genome Project, a 15 year program to make a detailed map of every single gene in human DNA. With automated cloning equipment to steer scientists through the DNA, scientists are finding human genes at the rate of more than one a day. This may not sound like very much but as technology increases the rate at finding them will increa ...

... been in the past million years. Average global temperatures have risen 1 degree Fahrenheit over the last century. If carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases continue to spill into the atmosphere, global temperatures could rise five to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. The warning will be the greatest at the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, with the largest temperature rises occurring in winter. Most areas will experience summertime highs well above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. New temperature records will be set each year. As a possible prelude to global warming, the decade of the 1980’s has had the six hottest years of the century (Erandson 18-22). Atmospheri ...

... for life. Cell Structure and Function The tremendous variety of plant species is, in part, a reflection of the many distinct cell types that make up individual plants. Fundamental similarities exist among all these cell types, however, and these similarities indicate the common origin and the interrelationships of the different plant species. Each individual plant cell is at least partly self-sufficient, being isolated from its neighbors by a cell membrane, or plasma membrane, and a cell wall. The membrane and wall allow the individual cell to carry out its functions. Tissue Systems There are many variants of the generalized plant cell and its parts. Similar kinds of cel ...

... According to his estimate the aircraft were approximately the size of a DC-4 airliner ( Jackson 4). This account was the first sighting to ever receive a great deal of media attention. This sighting gave birth to the phrase "flying Saucer" coined by a reporter named Bill Begrette. Although not the first UFO sighting in history, Kenneth Arnolds account is considered to be the first documented UFO sighting. The following day Mr. Arnold discovered that in addition to his sighting there were several others in the Mount Ranier area that same day (Jackson 6). When most of think of UFO sightings we picture an unemployed, half- crazed, alcoholic hick livin ...

... on earth. This was demonstrated by Dimitri Mendeleev in his famous perodical classification of the elements by chemical properties and increasing atomic mass. Experimentation with uranium lead to many discoversies such as the X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen, on November 8, 1895. Wilhelm Röntgen, was awarded the first Nobel prize in 1901 for the development of the X-ray. Uranium is weakly radioactive, decaying slowly but inexorably at the rate of one milligram per tonne per year. It is transformed into inactive lead through a chain of radioelements or daughters, each of which has a characteristic disintegration rate, a constant of nature that man has never been able to alter. The proportion of ...

... near the shore and takes about thirty-six hours to dig itself out of the nest. When it is born it is the about the size of a child's hand. It eats the Portuguese Man of War, a very deadly jellyfish. It has very tough skin so it does not have to worry about getting stung by the jellyfish. It lives in the ocean all of its life and lays its eggs on the shore, when the babies are born they go on their own to their own life. The turtle lives in a type of weed which floats in the ocean drifting with the currents, the environment is very bad for the turtle since there is a lot of offshore dumping by ships, polluting the ocean. There is a total of thirteen tons of trash being dumped every one min ...

... temperature might lead to at least partial melting of the polar icecaps and hence a major rise in sea level, along with other severe environmental disturbances. An example of a runaway greenhouse effect is Earth's near-twin planetary neighbor Venus. Because of Venus's thick CO2 atmosphere, the planet's cloud-covered surface is hot enough to melt lead. Water vapor is an important "greenhouse" gas. It is a major reason why humid regions experience less cooling at night than do dry regions,. However, variations in the atmosphere's CO2 content are what have played a major role in past climatic changes. In recent decades there has been a global increase in atmospheric CO2, largely a ...