PAPER Topics

... passed on from the egg. This means that the mitochondria DNA is passed on from the mother. This information becomes useful when using them for identification purposes. In any given cell, there are thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA. This relative abundance of mitochondrial DNA can be used by scientists to obtain DNA from samples where genomic DNA analysis is difficult of impossible. The first question was which, if any, of the bones found belonged to the Czar. To answer this, mitochondrial DNA was obtained eight adult male femur bones found in the grave. Then using a program called ClustalW, the mitochondrial DNA from many of the Czar's maternal relatives were compared to the b ...

... or sealing of an astronaut's helmet. Gold is also a very good conductor of electricity. As you can see, gold is an element that is not only a great gift for someone, but is very usefull if actually put to use. The main drawback to gold is that it is a very precious metal. We dont have an unlimited supply of it. This is why gold today is priced so high and really doesn't drop that much over time. ...

... Mononucleosis does not occur in any particular "season," although authorities in colleges and schools, where the disease has been well studied, report that they see most patients in the fall and early spring. Epidemics do not occur, but doctors have reported clustering of cases. Transmission: EBV, the virus that causes most cases of mononucleosis, infects and reproduces in the salivary glands. It also infects white blood cells called B cells. Direct contact with virus-infected saliva, such as through kissing, can transmit the virus and result in mononucleosis. Someone with mononucleosis, however, does not need to be isolated. Household members or college roommates have only a slight ris ...

... being rolled into balls and taken away by bugs. To realize why dung beetles are so important, you must first know a few facts about them. Dung beetles are named after their delight in rolling up dung. Dung beetles utilize the dung of cows, horses, rabbits, deer, sheep, and many other animals. How many of you think dung beetles actually eat manure? The answer is yes. Dung beetles just love fresh dung. They shove the dung into their mouths, squeeze it, and drink the juices that come streaming out! The solid parts of the dung are squeezed for a second time in their jaws, and then swallowed. If there are any eggs that flies might have laid inside the dung, this squeezing action kills ...

... conclusion that substance C is ammonia. Test-tube D: Test-tube D contained lemonade. The substance reacted to blue litmus paper, and red litmus underwent no changes. It had no effect on Phenolphthalein, and its pH value was 3, a strong acid. Knowing that lemons are very acidic, and that the substance was yellow and sweet smelling, I concluded that substance D was lemonade. Test-tube E: I could not come to a conclusion on what substance E was. It reacted weakly to blue litmus paper, and it did not change red litmus. It had no effect on Phenolphthalein, but its pH value tested as 7. This cannot be correct however, because all acids have a pH value less than 7. The appearance and smell were ...

... or monistic. A common feature of dualistic theories is that another star once passed close to the Sun, and tidal perturbations between the two stars drew out filaments of gas from which the planets condensed. Theories of this type encounter enormous difficulties in trying to account for modern information about the solar system, and they have generally been discarded. By contrast, monistic theories envisage a disk of gas and dust, called the primitive solar nebula, that formed around the Sun. Many of these theories speculate that the Sun and the planets formed together from the primeval solar nebula. A photograph taken in 1984 of a nearby star, Beta Pictoris, appears to show ...

... if a candle were to be thrown into a vessel of chlorine, it would continue to burn, releasing dense, black clouds of smoke, The chlorine combines with hydrogen of the paraffin, forming hydrogen chloride, and uncombined carbon is left in the form of soot. Soot is black residue from fuel. Chlorine replaces iodine and bromine from their salts. Dry chlorine is somewhat inert or not able to move, but moist chlorine unites directly with most of the elements. History Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Karl Scheele. Humphry Davy proved that chlorine was an element. Extensive production began 100 years later. During the 20th Century. The amount of Chlorine used was considered a measu ...

... water, lack of suitable soil, high labor cost of traditional cultivation, high cost of sterilizing soil, and there is a greater reliability and predictability of plant production. In addition, It's easy! Depending on what is being grown, most of the time hydroponic plants require less attention than soil-grown crops. Because of this, it can relieve some people of the added responsibility that soil-grown plants require. As one can see, there are many advantages to this system of growing plants. Since its origination, thousands of companies have sprung up dealing solely with hydroponics and hydroponic equipment. Maybe someday, when man inhabits outer-space, this method will be the main ...

... Cyclone Tracy hit the coastal city of Darwin on Christmas Day 1974. Although people had warning on New Year's Day about Cyclone Tracy, they were busy preparing for Christmas and thought that the cyclone would pass away just like Cyclone Selma had done three weeks before. Cyclone Tracy came roaring down the Arafura Sea (where most the develop in that area) and was on track to bypass Darwin but changed direction 900 past Melville Island and straight towards the city. At this time most people were asleep or partying. By 1:00 AM, the city of Darwin felt the full effect of the cyclone. Some people were outside when it hit but most people got to a safe place for shelter. The cyclone ...

... the forearm is very long. The wrist is very small and from it comes the thumb and the four longer fingers. The thumb is short and used for climbing or walking. The fingers are long and thin. Interlocking the fingers is the wing. This set up of having the fingers in the wing gives the bat amazing flight maneuverability (Honders 22). These bones look similar to a human hand. They are connected by rubbery skin to the bat's body enveloping all the fingers but the thumb (Bats in CT 1). Echolocation Bats have a "sixth sense" called echolocation. This was first proved by Donald Griffin. Bats produce ultrasonic sound waves and then use the echo of the returning sound to sense the w ...