PAPER Topics

... will decay naturally or that can be recycled. The idea is to prevent unrecyclable materials from even entering the home. For instance, 60 of the 190 pounds of plastic-especially styrofoam-each American uses a year are thrown out as soon as packages are opened. Be kind to your planet by buying eggs, fast food, and other products in cardboard instead of styrofoam cartons. Buy beverages in glass or aluminum containers instead of plastic ones. Buy in bulk to reduce the amount of packaging, you will save money too. Finally, when you can, buy products whose packing shows the "recycled" logo. Materials that have been recycled once can be recycled again. Wise management of hazardous hou ...

... surface layer above colder nutrient-rich waters. "heavy rains might have helped the red tides develop by pouring fresh water and nutrients into surrounding sea waters," (New York Times: Sept. 19, 1996) Fast growing algae quickly strip away nutrients in the upper layer, leaving nitrogen and phosphorus only below the interface of the layers, called the pycnocline. Many swim at speeds of 10 meters a day, and some go through vertical migration rising to the top of the water to get sun and then swimming down to the pycnocline to take up nutrients at night. Another cause of red tides is from human pollution. "nutrient runoff from human development, the heavy use of fertilizer and livest ...

... episodes of major depression. Mental health professionals use the term clinical depression to refer to any of the above forms of depression. Surveys indicate that people commonly view depression as a sign of personal weakness, but psychiatrists and psychologists view it as a real illness. In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that depression costs society many billions of dollars each year, mostly in lost work time. II PREVALENCE Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses. At least 8 percent of adults in the United States experience serious depression at some point during their lives, and estimates range as high as 17 percent. The ...

... 10^6 years. The isomeric isotope 95mTc, with a half-life of 61 days, is useful for tracer work, as it produces energetic gamma rays. Technetium metal has been produced in kilogram quantities. The metal was first prepared by passing hydrogen gas at 1100C over Tc2S7. It is now conveniently prepared by the reduction of ammonium pertechnetate with hydrogen. Techne tium is a silvery-gray metal that tarnishes slowly in moist air. Until 1960, techne tium was available only in small amounts and the price was as high as $2800/g. It is now commercially available to holders of O.R.N.L. permits at a price of $60/g. The chemistry of technetium is said to be similar to that of rhenium. Technetium dissolv ...

... dosed himself and was overcome with confusion. He was then obligated to leave work due to “a sensation of mild dizziness” and “extreme activity of imagination.”(Discovery, 2) On April 19, 1943, at exactly 4:20 pm, Dr. Albert Hofmann ingested 0.25 mg. of liquid LSD and journeyed on the first intentional “acid trip.” In 1947, Dr. Hofmann’s employers, Sandoz Laboratories, began marketing LSD in Europe. It was introduced into the United States a year later. They advertised it “as a cure for everything from schizophrenia to criminal behavior, ‘sexual perversions,’ and alcoholism.”(Henderson/Glass, 40) Sandoz Laboratories u ...

... has fallen to 70o, melt the naphthalene which is now frozen to remove the thermometer. Properly dispose of the naphthalene liquid as instructed by the teacher. IV. Data Time Elapsed Temperature of Naphthalene Time Temperature Initial (0:00) 100oC 7:00 78.5oC 0:30 97.5oC 7:15 78.3oC 1:00 93.0oC 7:30 78.3oC 1:30 89.5oC 7:45 79.0oC 2:00 86.1oC 8:00 79.0oC 2:30 84.6oC 8:15 79.0oC 2:45 82.3oC 8:30 79.0oC 3:00 81.2oC 8:45 79.0oC 3:15 81.0oC 9:00 79.0oC 3:30 80.5oC 9:15 78.5oC 3:45 80.2oC 9:30 78.1oC 4:00 80.0oC 9:45 78.0oC 4:15 79.9oC 10:00 78.0oC 4:30 79.8oC 10:15 77.5oC 4 ...

... blende, iron pyrites, bauxite, and germanite. Silvery white and soft enough to be cut with a knife, gallium takes on a bluish tinge because of superficial oxidation. Unusual for its low melting point ( about 30 degrees C, 86 degrees F ), gallium also expands upon solidification and supercools readily, remaining a liquid at temperatures as low as 0 degrees C ( 32 degrees F ). Gallium has the longest usefull liquid range of any element. The liquid metal clings to glass and similar surfaces. The crystal structure of gallium is orthorhombic. Natural gallium consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 ( 60.4 percent ) and gallium-71 (39.6 percent ). Somewhat similar to al ...

... used to make armor plating for tanks and warships. They are also used for ball bearings and the hard cutting edges of high-speed machine tools. Nickel is highly resistant to electric current and is often added to chromium steels to make them easier to work. For example, stainless steel sinks can be pressed out from flat sheets of steel that can contain 18 percent chomium and 8 percent nickel. When nickel is mixed with chromium, the resulting metal can stand very high temperatures without corroding. For example, the heating elements of toasters can be made from an alloy that is 80 percent nickel and 20 percent chromium. This metal operates at a temperature of about 1 ...

... embryonic tissues that are transferred to soil, where they produce complete plants. Grafting is another method of cloning used in Horticulture. Matching cuts are made in the stems of two plants, which are then fitted together so that their transport systems are in contact. The wounded area heals, and the two stems become a single physiological unit. All the McIntosh apple trees now in use and many other fruit varieties have been derived by grafting from single ancestral trees. "Nuclear transplantation," in which nuclei from cells of one individual are transferred to unfertilized eggs whose nuclei have been removed, is one method of artificial cloning in animals. All the transplanted n ...

... comes from the Greek word “kryos” meaning cold (“Cryogenics” Raintree 127, Kavaler 16). The science of cryobiology was first recognized in the early nineteen sixties. Cryobiology is the study of the effects of extremely low temperatures on living animals and plants. The chief concern in cryobiology is to preserve living matter for future use. This method can also be called cryopreservation. Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold in treatment. The first trials of cryotherapy proved with great results (“Cryobiology” Comptons 1, McGrady 97). Frozen cells can be kept alive for very long periods of time in a state of “suspended animation.” Almost immediately after rapid thawing, ...