PAPER Topics

... of the trench. Despite it's name, “front-line trenches” were not the most forward defensive position. Narrow passages called “saps” were dug at 90º to the main trench and were on average 30 yards long. These saps led to isolated positions only large enough for two men and were designed to listen for enemy movement. The sounds of shovels and picks underground were listened for extremely closely because enemy mining parties often tried to burrow beneath the front lines for a surprise attack or to plant a bomb. The German trenches near Somme were exceedingly more sophisticated than the British trenches. Often, German trenches were practically fortresses in a hole; sitting some 30-40 feet ...

... did not rebel against but rather preferred the English culture. They did not want their children to be raised Dutch. Also, they felt that Holland was too liberal. Although they enjoyed the freedom of religion, they decided to leave for America. Pilgrims, or sojourners, left for America on the Mayflower and landed in Cape Cod in 1626. They had missed their destination, Jamestown. Although the climate was extremely rocky, they did not want to move south because of their Puritan beliefs. They thought that everything was predestined, and that they must have landed on this rocky place for a reason. They moved slightly north to Plymouth Rock in order to survive more comfortably. Also becau ...

... to their jurisdiction." It seemed democracy had triumphed by giving freedom to slaves, but the amendment was not complete. It only stopped slavery, and made no provisions for citizenship; therefore, blacks were still not considered United States citizens. The fourteenth amendment was the democratic expansion that fixed that problem. Originally passed to "put a number of matters beyond the control or discretion of the president," the amendment also made "All persons born or naturalized in the United States . . . citizens of the United States." It also provided that, "No State shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States." This not only gave new meaning t ...

... treaty, and now we may be able to accurately describe why. The problem of newly drawn borders, new and unique "nation-states", and ethnic minorities was not just a product of internal dispute in the areas effected, but also of external factors and wishes to a large extent. There were many different factors in the formation of the treaty. It was a culmination of nationality and ethnicity issues, economic, military, and transport interests, and geographical and political ambition that resulted in . Ironically, instead of resolving problems or as a stepping stone towards resolution in East Central Europe, the treaty only added to the turmoil, dispute, and conflict in the region. The most ...

... laws. Rosa was thrown in jail and fined fourteen dollars. Enraged by Mrs. Parks arrest the black community of Montgomery united together and organized a boycott of the bus system until the city buses were integrated. The black men and women stayed of the buses until December 20, 1956, almost thirteen months after the boycott their goal was reached. The Montgomery can be considered a major turning point in the Civil Rights Movement because it made Martin Luther King Jr. public leader in the movement, starting point for non-violent protest as an effective tool in the fight for civil rights, showed that African-Americans united for a cause could stand up to segregation. Being president o ...

... of World War I. The nation was stripped of large areas of land, it’s armaments, as well as it’s dignity. In addition, the reparations that were to be paid to the allied nations virtually destroyed the economy of Germany.The resentment of the treaty burned in the hearts and minds of Germans for years afterward. In 1933, a man by the name of Adolf Hitler was elected Chancellor of Germany after working his way up the ladder of government. By speaking against the Treaty of Versailles and making promises of a better life to the German people, Hitler gained the support of his fellow countrymen, and he easily won the election. Almost immediately after Hitler took office he began securing ...

... the roughest creature. Overall, he seemed to be able to make the best out of his misfortunes. However, through his unfavorable experiences with others, Nietzsche developed a somewhat cynical view of his neighbor. He feels that every one has their own selfish motives. He does not treat these people any differently though. In fact he treats them with extra kindness. His theory is to replace the cruelness of others with the kindness from one’s heart; “dispatch a pot of jam to get rid of a sour affair” (14). Nietzsche also says that silence is the worst form of anger or resentment. Silence produces bad character and makes ones heart cold and full of cruelty. Anger should not be held ...

... were still alive lost faith and all hopes. Many intellectuals began to doubt the Enlightenment and even the future of Western civilization. This state of uncertainty and unpredictability brought out many modern philosophers of that time. One of them was a French poet and critic Paul Valery. He stated that "Europe was looking at its future with dark foreboding." In his writings, he said that "The storm has died away, and still we are restless, uneasy, as if the storm were about to break." The storm in this case was the war. People were so terrified by it that they were still in shock and unsure of its outcome and consequence and the possibility that it might cause another war to break out ...

... Persian threat to Europe and the beginning of the period of Greek greatness. The idea of panhellenism - the awareness of Greek unity- appeared as a reaction to the fear of the Persian invasion. This is how Persia helped the Greece to recognise their identity, which gave significance to the year 479 BC to be marked as the beginning of the Classical Greek period. At the other side, the year 479 BC does not represent a vital turning-point in politics. Sparta’s control over her allies was still unbroken. After the Greeks’ triumph on Plataea, when the fear of the Persian invasion decreased, the idea of the united Greeks started diminishing. Phthonos (envy) was what characterised the relations ...

... religious rituals. The Egyptians established a form of writing known as hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics was a style of writing which incorporated the three characters of pictographic, syllabic, and alphabetic. Both pictographic and syllabic characters were primarily established within Sumerian cuneiform. It was later that the Egyptians combined the Sumerian cuneiform along with an alphabetic system all into one that became the rough foundation for what is now known as the modern day alphabet. Although the Egyptians were but a step away form establishing a complete alphabet by separating the alphabetic system from the syllabic into 24 symbols they were to become ingenious for their advan ...