PAPER Topics

... the Turks recaptured several important cities and a second Crusade was called for. This time, two kings led their armies to take back the land. This Crusade and sever others to follow failed. The Turks kept the land. Though England did not regain the land the Turks had taken, the Crusades were not a complete failure. Because of the Crusades, trade increased, new lands were explored, new weapons were discovered, many other changes occurred. The Crusades increased the demand for rice and other foods. Europeans also discovered cotton. Warriors learned about the crossbow and gunpowder. With men away, the status of women changed. Women took charge of some of their husbands' ...

... lived in. Ghettos were being abolished, special badges were no longer required and Jews could dress the way they wanted, settle were they pleased and work the occupations they desired. Many Jews settled outside of Jewish districts, and began to live like their neighbors and speak the language of the land. They went to public schools and began to neglect Jewish Studies and forget about he Shulchan Aruch. In 1815, after Napoleon's defeat, Jews lost the rights of citizenship in many countries. Many Jews converted to Christianity in order to retain those rights. Many thoughtful Jews were concerned about this. They realized that many of these ...

... to dry then we would have a substance that was as hard as stone. This was a new age for us because the concrete formed the backbone of Rome's bold architecture. This material was then covered with a costly material, usually marble, to look more decorative. This was used around the city and people claimed that it looked as if it were the world capital, for which of course we are. The last important contribution to the Pax Romana Augustus made was setting up the civil service. This service was open to anybody of all ranks. The civil service took care of Rome's grain supply, road repairs, the postal system, and all the other work of running the empire. Even the former slaves wo ...

... government. This was more roads, railroads, and canals. The South, on the other hand, did not want these projects to be done at all. Also the North wanted to develop a tariff. With a high tariff, it protected the Northern manufacturer. It was bad for the South because a high tariff would not let the south trade its cotton for foreign goods. The North also wanted a good banking and currency system and federal subsidies for shipping and internal improvements. The South felt these were discriminatory and that they favored Northern commercial interests. Now the main reason for the South's secession was the Slavery issue. Basically the South wanted and needed it and the North did not want it a ...

... to the Maritimes. Up to 1846 Britain had provided the British North American colonies with a market for their goods, but then began a policy of free trade. Because there were no tariffs placed on any country the colonies lost a sure market for their goods. Many colonists were concerned that some might consider union with the United States and the British North American colonies was brisk with large amounts of lumber and grain being imported by the U.S. When the Americans ended the Reciprocity Treaty in 1865, many Maritimers became uneasy about the economic future. It became apparent that in order to develop thriving trade; new economic links would have to be developed. 3 George Co ...

... lost their jobs because of technological advances. Very few workers were ever very far from poverty. The American workforce faced many other hardships as well. The performances of routine and repetitive tasks were difficult for the workers to adjust to. Machines now did many tasks once done by artisans. Factories employed workers ten hours a day and six days a week. Factory accidents were very frequent and commonly deadly. Many employers felt the need to increase the use of women and children in the workforce. They could hire the women and children for lower wages than adult males. Women worked in almost all areas of industry. They worked for wages far less than necessary for ...

... chastity and obedience and were bound to the rules of the Augustinian order. [Upton-Ward 1] The order languished in near-anonimity for several years, despite generous contributions from various European personages. In 1126, Count Hugh of Champagne, having donated his estates to Bernard of Clairvaux for use in building a monestary for the Cistercian order, arrived in Jerusalem to join the Templars. This action indirectly obligated Bernard to support the newly chosen advocacy of his benefactor. He wrote to the count, "If, for God's work, you have changed yourself from count to knight and from rich to poor, I congratulate you." [Howarth 49] In the year 1126, King Baldwin found ...

... The next important long-term change, Capitalism stemmed from Calvinism. Calvinism was a religious movement which believed in the individuals responsibility to reorganize society according to "God's plan". Max Weber, the famous German sociologist, in his study The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, argued that these ideas led to the development of Capitalism. Secular life was able to develop in this environment. The last important change came from thee many people who were not satisfied with the existing forms of Government and religious authority. Clergy and royalty were believed to be intermediaries between God and the common person. This meant the a king could say ...

... for fishing, tourism and ports. Britain’s rivers provide drinking water for towns, and irrigate farmers’ crops. However rivers can cause floods. England The northern and western portions are mountainous. The highlands - the Pennine Chain, forms the backbone of northern England. Rolling plains occupy most of central and eastern England. The western part of the central region is known as the Midlands. To the east lies The Fens, a marsh area. To the south, an elevated plateau slopes upward. Scotland The terrain of Scotland is mountainous but is divided into three regions, from north to south: the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The Highlands occupy more than a h ...

... chosen by the Puritans worked well, a theocratic environment. A theocracy is defined as government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided. According the John Winthrop, who was to be their governor for some number of years, it seemed that their grand purpose in America was to build A City upon a hill, in which the eyes of all people were upon them. In other words, they thought their purpose in the New World was to construct the model city. Connecticut, one of the other New England colonies was basically like Massachusetts. Their only quarrel with the Bay colony was that it was not strict enough. Not all of the New England co ...