PAPER Topics

... facts about rainbows. First of all a rainbow is a curve of colored light which is seen in the sky. Rainbows can be seen in moonlight or in artificial light. They are caused by the sun shining through tiny drops of water in the air. A rainbow's brightness depends on how large the drops are. The larger the drops are the brighter the rainbow will be. Many people think that a rainbow is only made of six colors, but it is really make of seven. The colors in order are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A primary rainbow is a rainbow with red on the outside and violet on the inside. The largest rainbow visible to observers on land is a semicircle, but many time ...

... Lasers are based on the physical principle of light, and are devices for the creation and amplification of a narrow, intense beam of coherent light. New laser microsurgery can actually alter the shape of the cornea in the eye so the patient's eyesight can return to normal, and he/she will no longer need those bothersome glasses. Ultrasound is used in the medical field for destroying various unwanted substances in the body such as kidney stones. Ultrasound uses sound waves to dissolve these foreign bodies. If not for physics, ultrasounds would never have been discovered and utilized. MRI scans, another new discovery, are able to show a complete three dimensional picture of the interior ...

... the government built many factories to absorb nitrogen gas from the air and to use them in explosives. Soon after the war, these factories were used to absorb nitrogen gas and to be used as a fertilizer. This method was inexpensive and farmers were now actually making a profit. By 1985, farmers used approximately eleven million tons of nitrogen a year. This is eight times more than what farmers used in 1950. The most widely used fertilizer is pure ammonia. It is kept in liquid form under pressure in steel tanks. Three solid nitrogen are ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium phosphate. Two common phosphorus are superphosphate and triple superphosphate. Phosphorous ferti ...

... to control pests is sufficient to support their use. (16). Even so, pesticides have been used for centuries. In James Whorton’s book, Before Silent Spring, he describes agriculture before the Industrial Revolution. He writes that farmers in the 1800's used arsenic and sulphur to stop insects and molds from harming their crops. Even then it was known that arsenic caused skin lesions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and swollen, painful hands and feet. In England in the late 1800's, arsenic was found in contaminated sulphuric acid, used then to make glucose for “cheap beer”. People in the poorest classes, who could only afford this “cheap beer”, were displaying these symptoms, along w ...

... of each nucleotide is also linked to the deoxyribose of the adjacent nucleotide in the chain. These linked deoxyribose-phosphate subunits form the side rails of the ladder. The bases face inward toward each other, forming the steps of the ladder. The nucleotides in one strand have a specific association with the corresponding nucleotides in the other strand. Because of the chemical affinity of the bases, nucleotides containing adenine are always paired with nucleotides containing thymine, and nucleotides containing cytosine are always paired with nucleotides containing guanine. The complementary bases are joined to each other by weak chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds. carries the in ...

... the nuclei in atoms of deuterium, transmuting it into plutonium. Shortly after, Seaborg was able to isolate plutonium 239, an isotope used in atomic bombs. Plutonium is a highly dangerous and poisonous element because it rapidly gives off radiation in the form of alpha particles. Alpha particles, which are identical to the nucleus of a helium atom, consist of two protons and two neutrons tightly bound together. Although the particles can only travel about five centimeters in the air, they can cause great damage when the enter the body, causing cancer and other serious health problems. Beyond the danger of their radiation, Plutonium will spontaneously explode when a certain amount, cal ...

... new organism was introduced to a new habitat free from traditional parasites, predators and competitors, purple loosestrife thrived in the environmental conditions and by 1880 was rapidly spreading north and west through the canal and marine routes. Purple loosestrife stands also increased due to the importation of seeds and root stalks by horticulturists. It was introduced to many communities as an herb, an ornamental garden flower and as a desirable honey plant. One of the earliest reported studies of purple loosestrife being a problem in Canada was documented by Mr. Louis - Marie, in 1944. He stated that purple loosestrife was invading the St. Lawrence flood plain pastures between M ...

... heart rate, aids and HIV through the use of needles, dependence, tolerance, addiction, and can cause psychosis. The use of Meth is going up. In 1995, 3.9% of high school seniors had used it. That's an increase of 2.7% since 1990. 8 out of 10 people who try Meth will become addicted. Famous people who have done Meth include- Chris Farley, John Belushi, and Mick Jagger. The cost of doing Meth is very high too. A user can spend up to $100 a day. And sometimes, spending $400-$500 to support an addiction is not unusual. The penalties are very severe for those caught with Meth. Possession of any quantity of Meth can carry up to 7 years in prison. Distributing Meth carries a pena ...

... cell of which the nucleus had been removed, called nuclear transplantation, is an extension of research that had been ongoing for over 40 years. Up until now, scientists thought that adult cells could not be “reprogrammed” to behave like a fertilized egg and create an embryo, but the evidence obtained by Dolly’s success prove otherwise. The issues of cloning have been around for a long time, starting with the publication of Joshua Lederberg’s 1966 article on cloning in the American Naturalist, and the publics interest has been perked by many sci-fi books, films, and movies including Aldous Huxley’s 1932 novel “Brave New World,” 1973’s “Sleeper,” the 1978 film “The Boys from Braz ...

... 1926. This was a simple pressure-fed rocket that burned gasoline and liquid oxygen. It traveled only 56m (184 ft) but proved to the world that the principle was valid. Gossard Died August 10, 1945. Gossard did not work alone, he was also in partnership with a Russian theorist named Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Tsiolkovsky was born on September 7, 1857. As a child Tsiolkovsky educated himself and rose to become a High School teacher of mathematics in the small town of Kaluga, 145km (90mi) south of Moscow. In his early years Tsiolkovsky caught scarlet fever and became 80% deaf. Together, the theoretical work of Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and the experimental work of American Robert Gossard, ...