PAPER Topics

... been widely utilized in this country since 1945. It does not involve adding anything to the water that is not already there, since virtually all sources of drinking water in the United States contain some fluoride. Fluoridation is a form of nutritional supplementation that is not unlike the addition of vitamins to milk, breads and fruit drinks; iodine to table salt; and both vitamins and minerals to breakfast cereals, grains and pastas. The protection of fluoridation reaches community members in their homes, at work and at school -- simply by drinking the water. The only requirements for the implementation of fluoridation are the presence of a treatable centralized water supply and appro ...

... partners had AIDS; and the children of parents with AIDS. However since 1989, heterosexual sex was found to be the fastest growing means of transmission of the virus, with 90 percent of the new cases coming from heterosexual sex. How AIDS Is Spread AIDS is transmitted by direct contact of the bloodstream with body fluids that contains the AIDS virus, particularly blood and semen from an HIV-infected person. The virus is usually transmitted through various forms of sexual intercourse, the transfusion of virus-contaminated blood, or sharing in HIV-contaminated intravenous needles. The AIDS virus cannot enter intact bodily surfaces, such as skin, and quickly perishes ...

... an ideal gas is said to be a particle and particles do not have any mass. Ideal gases obtain no volume unlike real gases which obtain small volumes. Also, since ideal gas particles excerpt no attractive forces, their collisions are elastic. Real gases excerpt small attractive forces. The pressure of an ideal gas is much greater than that of a real gas since its particles lack the attractive forces which hold the particles back when they collide. Therefore, they collide with less force. The differences between ideal gases and real gases can be viewed most clearly when the pressure is high, the temperature is low, the gas particles are large, and when the gas particles excerpt st ...

... also particularly affected the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain. Because the chemical reactions involved in the production of acid rain in the atmosphere are complex and as yet little understood, industries have tended to challenge such assessments and to stress the need for further studies; and because of the cost of pollution reduction, governments have tended to support this attitude. Studies released by the U.S. government in the early 1980s, however, strongly implicated industries as the main source of acid rain in the eastern United States and Canada. In 1988, as part of the United Nations-sponsored ...

... gaps to form and clots to accumulate. Therefore, a complement inhibitor was developed as the gene was cloned, introduced into pigs whose cells produced this protein. Another thing discovered, was that the cells lining the pig vessels have a sugar molecules called alpha-galactose, and humans have lots of antibodies against alpha-gal. Some are thinking of knocking out the gene for alpha-gal and replacing it with the human gene for type O blood sugar. One other stumbling block may be the transferense of unknown virus's like the HIV virus, that was somehow transmitted from monkeys. Scientists are hoping that most virus's will not be viable in humans. Tissue engineering is a promising new fie ...

... Because of Venus's thick CO2 atmosphere, the planet's cloud-covered surface is hot enough to melt lead. Water vapor is an important "greenhouse" gas. It is a major reason why humid regions experience less cooling at night than do dry regions. However, variations in the atmosphere's CO2 content are what have played a major role in past climatic changes. In recent decades there has been a global increase in atmospheric CO2, largely as a result of the burning of fossil fuels. If the many other determinants of the Earth's present global climate remain more or less constant, the CO2 increase should raise the average temperature at the Earth's surface. As the atmosphere warmed, the ...

... the 1920's. They contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms which all form bonds with the rare ozone molecules. A few more products with CFC's are coolants for refrigerators and air conditioners, foam products, such as cups, and insulation for houses. Considering that ozone molecules are so rare, it is extremely important to keep them intact. Without them, radiation would leak into the earth at tremendous amounts. The radiation comes in the form of UV rays that cause many types of cancer. Pollution also plays a role in how severe the problem gets. It will eventually eat a hole in the ozone layer and global warming will occur and the average temperature will increase. ...

... calculating machine". It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal's father who was a tax collector. In the early 1800's, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by--and stored data on--cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called "punchcards". His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of dem ...

... inspection, to detect such things as the pH of the soil. A soil with a pH above 7.0 is called an alkaline soil, and will commonly kill plants. Mineral content, as mentioned above, is also a concern, and must be clearly monitored. After inspection, it is common for minor organic materials outside fertilizers to be applied, such as peat moss, ground bark, or leaf mold. It is after these steps that fertilization must occur, leading to a debate which has plagued gardeners and scientists alike: organic or chemical? Fertilizers, in both natural and synthetic breeds, are carriers of the primary and secondary nutrients that are found less often in even the most fertile soils. Fertilizers ...

... but it might take some time. My plan calls for the closing and the illegalizing of abortion clinics, and the prosecution of people who perform these deeds. As with any big descion we must consider the opposing views. One reason that the debate on what we should do about doesn’t go anywhere, is because each side focuses on a different topic. We make no progress because we are not talking about the same thing. The anti-abortionists are focused on the fetus’ rights, and the pro-abortionists are focused on the women’s rights. Though these issues are basically interrelated, they are different topics. The issues of the social problems like child neglect and financial burden, and even the ...