PAPER Topics

... visible from the moon (Goreau, 1987). While the size of coral reefs can be enormous, their real impact is on a much smaller scale. Reefs function as food and shelter for fish and marine invertebrates. While the coral itself is an animal, through a symbiotic relationship with the unicellular algae, coral becomes the primary producer in its ocean ecosystem (Richmond 1993). The reefs are formed by calcium carbonate deposits produced by the coral polyps. According to the legendary Cousteau, in his book The Ocean World, tube worms and mollusks also donate their hard skeletons to the architecture of the growing reef (174). Biologically active compounds are also produced by reef dwelling ...

... College in 1826. Owen was later appointed assistant in the cataloging of a collection containing thirteen thousand specimens (known as the Hunterian Collection (Rupke 17)). It was probably this that lead Owen interest in the field of anatomy, which eventually lead him into becoming a naturalist. By 1836, he published anatomical work on the Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus (Rupke 119). Within a year, he was giving lectures to the public on the the Hunterian Collection. These lectures were often attended by important and royalty figures of Victorian England. Charles Darwin was also one of the many that attended Owen's lectures. His death in 1892 was treasured with a bronze statu ...

... as hard to control as dinosaurs must have been in their own time. Like dinosaurs, the hardware systems, or muscles, of early computer graphics were huge and ungainly. The machines often filled entire buildings. Also like dinosaurs, the software programs or brains of computer graphics were hopelessly underdeveloped. Fortunately for the visual arts, the evolution of both brains and brawn of computer graphics did not take eons to develop. It has, instead, taken only three decades to move from science fiction to current technological trends. With computers out of the stone age, we have moved into the leading edge of the silicon era. Imagine sitting at a computer without any visual feed ...

... If the concentration of one side of the membrane is greater than the molecules will travel from the higher to lower concentration. Eventually there will be a dynamic equilibrium and there will be no net movement of molecules from one side to the other. Osmosis is the diffusion of water. Like diffusion, the water moves from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. Solutions have three different stages that the solutes can be classified in: isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic. Isotonic is when the solutions have equal amounts of solutes. Like equilibrium, there is no net change in the amount of water in either solution. When the solution ...

... restriction that the analyzed substance needs to have sufficient volatility. The theory behind the mass spectrometer is to use the difference in mass-to-charge ratio (m/e) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate them from each other. Mass spectrometry is therefore useful for quantitation of atoms or molecules and also for determining chemical and structural information about molecules. Molecules have distinctive fragmentation patterns that provide structural information to identify structural components. The combination of the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer is very easy, because both instrument needs to be modified in excess and both are analyzed in the gas phase and have comp ...

... like Ontario, Canada, mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, have substances such as limestone or other known antacids that can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre-Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, do not posses enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulfur emission ...

... in Area 51. On July 7, 1947, two ranchers in Roswell, New Mexico, observed something that would be the beginning of what might be one of mankind's most unexplained phenomenons in history. According to these ranchers, (who asked to be anonymous) a flying object came out of the South East and went flying into the Northwesterly direction. These ranchers observed it for 40 or 50 seconds before it disappeared behind the hills. They did not recall it making any sounds (Roswell 1). The next day, another rancher recovered a part of what is believed to be, the flying object that was seen the night before. According to the Las Vegas Review Journal, the man gave it to authorities, and it w ...

... in humans than in apes. The neocortex (part of the cerebral cortex), for instance is over three times larger than in chimps, even though chimps and humans are pretty close to equal in body weight. Each side of the brain is diveded by the central sulces into independant halves. Just before the central sulcus lies the post-central cortex, where the opposite body half (right side for left brain, left side for right brain). Just in front of the central sulcus lies the pre-central cortex where the information for the voluntary movements leave tthe brain. The pre-central area is called primary motor cortex, and also "Area 4" in primates. III. Human and Chimp Cortex ...

... 115°) water. Into all four bottles I put four tablespoons (tbsp.) of the yeast solution. Put ½ cup of corn syrup into bottle one, along with the yeast solution. Into bottle two goes ½ cup of water and ½ cup of flour, and the yeast solution. Next, mix the gelatin according to directions on the package, about one-tablespoon of powder to ½ cup of water. The ½ cup of the gelatin goes into the 3rd bottle, along with 4 tbsp. of the yeast solution. Into the 4th and final bottle put in ½ cup of 100% grape juice and the 4 tablespoons of yeast solution. Slip a balloon over the mouth of each bottle far enough so that no gas can escape. Lay all the bottles on their sides in as warm a place as ...

... which eventually developed into tree trunks. They became tree-like and up to 40 meters tall, forming the world's first forest. 'The Age of Seed Bearing Plants' was the next stage of plant history where plants were taken to their next step up in the evolution. This occurred around 280 million years ago. This was also the dinosaur era. Earth began to become a lot drier, and these plants began to adapt to the ever so changing climate. These plants developed the ability to produce seeds to reproduce their new generations. The advantages of this was that these seeds were able to survive dry periods, even long droughts and then germinate and grow when moisture became available. Last but not leas ...