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, b. May 19, 1925, d. Feb. 21, 1965, was an influential American advocate of BLACK NATIONALISM, and--as a pioneer in articulating a vigorous self-defense against white violence--a precursor of the black power movement of the late 1960s. Born Ma ....

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... MUSLIM movement and changed his name to Malcolm X. Following his initial training, Malcolm became the leading spokesman for the Black Muslims to the outside world. An ideological split developed between Malcolm and the more conservative Elijah Muhammad, and in 1963 Malcolm was suspended as a minister of the Black Muslims. After a pilgrimage to Mecca, he announced (1964) that he had become an orthodox Muslim and founded the rival Organization for Afro-American Unity. His travel in the Middle East and Africa gave him a more optimistic view regarding potential brotherhood between black and white Americans; he no longer preached racial s ...