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Affirmative action programs promote equal representation of minority groups in the American workplace and public schools. It seeks to remedy the effects of discrimination of specific groups through the force of laws and regulations. In practi ....

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... undesirable problems in the American culture. The term "affirmative action" was first used in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy. He signed Executive Order 10925 that stated "the contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during their employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" (qtd. in Hall 898). In 1954, the Brown decision [Brown v. Board of Education] required racial desegregation in schools and other public places. The Brown decision led to "the enactment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, soon supplemented by the 1965 Voting Rights Act and the 19 ...